Abstract
Soil acidity has become a
serious concern in soils in northeastern Oklahoma, which are generally
acid where winter wheat is grown. Experiment
804 was established in the fall of 1977 to evaluate lime applications on
continuous winter wheat. In the latter years of this experiment, yield
increases ranged from 8 to 14 bushels/acre/year as a result of a one-time
application of lime in the fall of 1977.
Grain %N has been largely unaffected by applied lime, even though
yield levels have differed greatly. Relative
yields demonstrate that the 1.2 ton ECCE lime was as effective as 2.4 ton
ECCE lime up until 1991. Since
that time, the 2.4 ton treatment has produced the highest yields.
Because soil pH is a limiting production factor at this site, it
was important to find that the 1.2 ton ECCE treatment was effective for
almost 15 years.
Materials and Methods
Experiment 804 was
established in the fall of 1977 under conventional tillage on a Taloka
silt loam (fine-mixed, thermic Mollic Albaqualf).
Wheat has been planted for 19 continuous years in 10 inch rows at
seeding rates of 90 pounds per acre (rates increased when planting was
delayed). Fertilization,
planting and management dates are listed in Table 1. The experimental
design in this continuing experiment employs a randomized complete block
with four replications. Fertilizer
treatments used in this experiment along with average grain yields for
selected periods are reported in Table 2. Individual plots at this site
are 24 feet wide and 50 feet long. The
center 10 feet are harvested with a conventional combine the entire 50
feet in length. In addition
to wheat grain yield measured every year, periodic soil and grain samples
were taken for further chemical analyses.
Results from surface (0-6 inches) soil samples collected in 1995
are reported in Table 3.
Results
Wheat grain yields did not respond to applied lime in the first ten years of the experiment (Table 2) where soil pH was initially at 5.5 and BI was 6.8. However, from 1986 to 2000, yield increases ranged from 8 to 14 bushels/acre/year. Relative yield comparisons show that the 1.2 ton ECCE lime application in 1977 was as effective as the 2.4 ton ECCE lime treatment up until 1991. Since that time, the 2.4 ton treatment applied in 1977 has produced the highest yields. Because soil pH is a limiting production factor at this site, it was important to find that the 1.2 ton ECCE treatment was effective for almost 15 years. Soil test P, K, total N and organic C levels have been unaffected over time (Table 3). Grain %N has been largely unaffected by applied lime, even though yield levels have differed greatly.
Table 1. Treatment applications and experimental management for continuous winter wheat Experiment 804, Haskell, OK, 1978-2000.
|
Year |
Variety |
Fertilizer
Application Date |
Planting
Date |
Harvest
Date |
Seeding
Rate lb/ac |
|
1978 |
|
|
|
6-26-78 |
75 |
|
1979 |
Osage |
10-15-78 |
10-24-78 |
7-2-79 |
100 |
|
1980 |
TAM W-101 |
10-15-79 |
10-17-79 |
6-30-80 |
120 |
|
1981 |
TAM W-101 |
10-8-80 |
10-14-80 |
6-25-81 |
90 |
|
1982 |
TAM W-101 |
10-27-81 |
10-30-81 |
7-19-82 |
90 |
|
1983 |
TAM W-101 |
9-9-82 |
9-29-82 |
7-6-83 |
90 |
|
1984 |
Vona |
11-4-83 |
11-4-83 |
6-21-84 |
90 |
|
1985 |
Vona |
10-8-84 |
10-8-84 |
6-18-85 |
90 |
|
1986 |
Vona |
10-10-85 |
1-11-86 |
6-19-86 |
150 |
|
1987 |
Chisholm |
9-22-86 |
9-23-86 |
6-17-87 |
90 |
|
1988 |
Chisholm |
10-2-87 |
10-6-87 |
6-9-88 |
90 |
|
1989 |
Chisholm |
10-13-88 |
10-14-88 |
6-20-89 |
90 |
|
1990 |
Chisholm |
10-12-89 |
10-18-89 |
6-13-90 |
90 |
|
1991 |
Chisholm |
10-15-90 |
10-15-90 |
6-20-91 |
90 |
|
1992 |
Chisholm |
10-1-91 |
10-2-91 |
6-20-92 |
90 |
|
1993 |
Karl |
10-5-92 |
10-6-92 |
6-18-93 |
120 |
|
1994 |
2163 |
10-5-93 |
10-6-93 |
6-15-94 |
90 |
|
1995 |
Tonkawa |
10-10-94 |
10-12-94 |
6-17-95 |
90 |
|
1996 |
Tonkawa |
10-6-95 |
10-12-95 |
6-17-96 |
90 |
|
1997 |
Tonkawa |
10-9-96 |
10-11-96 |
6-17-97 |
100 |
|
1998 |
2163 |
10-2-97 |
10-3-97 |
6-18-98 |
90 |
|
1999 |
2137 |
9-30-98 |
10-14-98 |
7-7-99 |
110 |
|
2000 |
2137 |
9-29-99 |
10-8-99 |
6-4-00 |
95 |
Table 2. Treatment structure of long-term wheat Experiment 804, Haskell, Oklahoma, 1978-2000.
|
Trt.
|
N |
P2O5 |
K2O |
Lime |
1978-87 |
1988-97 |
1998-00 |
1978-2000 |
||||
|
|
lb/ac |
t/ac |
bu/ac |
%N |
bu/ac |
%N |
bu/ac |
%N |
bu/ac |
%N |
||
|
1. |
100 |
60 |
60 |
0 |
33.9 |
2.51 |
22.0 |
2.81 |
12.0 |
2.68 |
25.8 |
2.58 |
|
2. |
100 |
60 |
60 |
0.6 |
35.9 |
2.51 |
30.4 |
2.74 |
12.5 |
2.70 |
30.4 |
2.57 |
|
3. |
100 |
60 |
60 |
1.2 |
35.8 |
2.39 |
34.5 |
2.69 |
13.7 |
2.68 |
32.3 |
2.46 |
|
4 |
100 |
60 |
60 |
2.4 |
35.8 |
2.47 |
37.3 |
2.75 |
26.9 |
2.60 |
35.3 |
2.54 |
|
SED |
|
|
|
|
2.9 |
0.16 |
3.0 |
0.13 |
5 |
0.05 |
3.5 |
0.15 |
|
CV,
% |
|
|
|
|
11 |
9 |
13 |
7 |
44 |
2 |
16 |
8 |
N applied as 34-0-0, P as
0-46-0, and K as 0-0-60. SED - standard error of the difference between
two equally replicated means. CV - coefficient of variation.
Table 3. Treatment structure of long-term wheat Experiment 804, Haskell, Oklahoma, 1978-1997 and surface (0-6 inches) soil test analyses from samples collected in 1994.
|
Trt. |
N |
P2O5 |
K2O |
Lime |
pH |
NO3-N |
P |
K |
Total N |
Organic C |
|
|
|
lb/ac |
|
t/ac |
|
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
% |
% |
|
1. |
100 |
60 |
60 |
0 |
4.84 |
15.5 |
35.3 |
204 |
0.086 |
1.044 |
|
2. |
100 |
60 |
60 |
0.6 |
4.89 |
14.7 |
33.1 |
181 |
0.086 |
1.054 |
|
3. |
100 |
60 |
60 |
1.2 |
5.00 |
15.1 |
29.9 |
184 |
0.089 |
1.051 |
|
4 |
100 |
60 |
60 |
2.4 |
5.12 |
14.5 |
26.5 |
193 |
0.088 |
1.080 |
|
SED |
|
|
|
|
0.07 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
10.4 |
0.002 |
0.033 |
|
CV, % |
|
|
|
|
2 |
13 |
10 |
8 |
4 |
4 |
N applied as 34-0-0, P as 0-46-0, and K as 0-0-60. SED - standard error of the difference between two equally replicated means. CV - coefficient of variation.
Figure 1. Relative wheat grain yields, by treatment and year, Experiment 804, Haskell, OK, 1978-2000.
 |